Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor Structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

Composite propellers offer high damping characteristics and corrosion resistance when compared with metal propellers. But the design of a hybrid composite propeller with the same strength of metal propeller is the critical task. For this purpose, the present paper focusses on fluid-Structure Interaction analysis of hybrid composite propeller with Carbon/Epoxy, R-Glass/Epoxy and S2-Glass/Epoxy to find its strength at the same operating conditions of the baseline aluminium propeller. The surface and solid models of the hybrid composite propeller are modelled using modelling software (CATIA) and these models are imported into mesh generation software (Hypermesh) to generate the surface mesh and solid mesh respectively. This surface model of the hybrid composite propeller is imported into computational fluid dynamics software (Fluent) to estimate the pressure loads on propeller blades. These pressure loads from Fluent are imported into FEA software (Abaqus) and applied on the propeller to find the deformation and strength of hybrid composite propeller due to fluid-Structure Interaction loads. Optimization study is carried out on hybrid composite propeller with different layup sequences of Carbon/R-Glass/S2-Glass to find the optimum strength. From the optimization study, it is found that the hybrid composite propeller with layup-3 of 550/550/900/00/00/900/450/900/ 00/900/450/900/450/900/00/900/00 generates the least stress compared with other layups for the same pressure load obtained from fluid flow simulations. Damage initiation analysis is also carried out on hybrid composite propeller with optimized layup-3 based on Hashin damage criteria and found that the design is safe.

The modeling and analysis of Structures subjected to earthquake loading are well studied and understood. During an earthquake, however, the behavior of the soil under the Structure plays an important role in determining the superStructure response. In most cases, the soil is not modeled and is ignored. This is due to the reason that the soil, contrary to the Structure, is an infinite domain and can not be treated with the conventional models as used in Structures. Cone models to represent the soil, have been developed for practical engineering applications during the last ten years. Cone models can be utilized for sites with general layering and embedment conditions, capturing all degrees of freedom. Cone models provide sufficient engineering accuracy with physical insight. Cone models can be used both in force-based methods as response spectrum and time history analyses and in displacement-based methods such as push-over calculations. In these models, the soil is represented with a series of bars and beams as one uses in the analysis of superStructures. In this paper, the development of cone models is reviewed. Further, the application of the cone models in two actual seismic retrofitting projects is demonstrated. In both cases, the retrofitting costs were reduced substantially after modeling the soil with cones.

Historical heritage Structures are especially vulnerable to earthquakes because they were designed only for gravity loads without any consideration of lateral loads. For this reason, the preservation and maintenance of these Structures are of great cultural, economic, and social importance. The present study investigates the seismic vulnerability of a historical Structure called Kashan Bazaar, located in Kashan (central Iran), dating back to the 17th century. The detailed 3D geometrical model of this Structure was drawn using SolidWorks software. Finite element numerical method was used to evaluate the response of Bazaar Structure using macro-modeling approach. Static, modal, and nonlinear static (pushover) analyses were carried out using two cases, with soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) and without SSI (fixed-base). According to the results, considering the SSI has a significant influence on the mode shapes, vibration frequencies, and the structural responses. The Structure of Bazaar can withstand gravity loads as well as DBE demands in fixed-base model. However, the results of the SSI analyses show the Structure weakness against lateral loads.

In urban areas, residential buildings are often located at small distances from each other. The mutual influence of these buildings, depending on the distance between them, under the effect of earthquake vibrations, is of great importance, which has been less studied and investigated. Normally, the soil-Structure Interaction is considered when only one Structure is present on the soil, although the Structure-soil-Structure Interaction takes place when at least two Structures are placed on the soil. In case, in addition to the discussed Structure and soil layer, another adjacent Structure is added to the system, the response of the soil layer will be affected by the presence of both Structures and the response of each of the Structures will also be affected by the response of the soil layer and its adjacent Structure, and therefore the soil and Each of the two adjacent Structures will have a mutual effect on the response, which is known as Structure-soil-Structure Interaction. In other words, in this Interaction, the vibration energy of a Structure affects its neighboring Structures through the soil environment and can change its structural response. The presence of the adjacent Structure can increase or decrease the dynamic response of the Structure and the amount of damage depending on the dynamic characteristics of the soil and the Structure and the frequency content of the incoming earthquake. When an earthquake occurs, its waves pass through the soil layers and reach the foundations of both Structures. These waves cause deformations in the foundations and structural elements. Therefore, a shear force and an overturning moment are created in the foundation of the Structure, which results in the deformation of the foundation and the Structure. After that, the vibrations of the Structure are transferred to the soil, until this part, the responses and behaviors in these systems (Structure, soil and foundation) are similar to the conventional soil-Structure Interaction,But there is a slight difference in the transmission of these waves from the Structure to the soil, which causes the Structure-soil-Structure Interaction. In this research, the Structure-soil-adjacent Structure Interaction has been investigated for building Structures based on soil prone to liquefaction. For this purpose, similar buildings of fifteen concrete storey at different distances from each other, along with the continuous environment of the soil bed with different mechanical  properties and the application of the  advanced elasto-plastic constitutive model under the effect of the earthquake acceleration history applied at the bedrock level, have been analyzed. In order to validate the results, the amount of settlement of the Structure under static load was investigated and using the results of two laboratory models, the Structure-soil-Structure Interaction analysis process and the soil constitutive model were validated. Based on the obtained results, the Structure-soil-Structure Interaction in the general state increases the lateral displacement of the Structure compared to the case with a rigid bed. The Interaction effects are different depending on the number and distance of the Structures. Also, the results show that the effects of  Structure-soil-Structure Interaction depend on the position and thickness of the soil layer prone to liquefaction, so that with the increase in the thickness of the liquefaction layer, more exess of pore water is produced and finally, the deformations created in the soil and the Structure are more intense.

Structures located beside each other interact under dynamic loads through the underlying soil and possibly by impact. In this paper, this dynamic cross-Interaction phenomenon is studied parametrically. While simultaneous modeling of different adjacent buildings would be possible from the beginning, by resorting to simple physical models, the cases susceptible to impact under harmonic loads were identified first with much less e ort. Then, comprehensive models were developed with two nonlinear multistory shear buildings connected at the base with suitable springs and dampers, impacting at the story level. The system was analyzed under selected ground motions. It was observed that impact and cross-Interaction had an increasing effect on lateral displacement for stiff and heavy Structures and a decreasing effect for other cases. Also, the shear forces of stories increased and decreased in the upper and lower stories, respectively, as a result of the mentioned mutual effect. Finally, the study indicated that under a sample ground motion, simultaneous impact and cross-Interaction increased the ductility demand of stories for taller Structures while it decreased the ductility demand of shorter buildings.

In this paper, focusing on Structure-soil-Structure Interaction, dynamic behavior of two adjacent Structures with flexible base is studied. The main identifiers of this Structure-soil-Structure Interaction system are defined with dimensionless parameters. With considering a logical range of the parameters, various states including most practical cases are calculated. Soil flexibility and dynamic correlation between two adjacent Structures through the soil are accounted for using springs and dashpots at the base of the Structures. The equations of motion are solved in time and frequency domains for two adjacent single degree of freedom systems to make it possible to study parametrically the effect of Structure-soil-Structure Interaction on the responses. As a result of harmonic analysis, natural frequencies with and without considering damping, damping ratios and amplitude of the system’, s dynamic responses are calculated and compared with those of the single building (no adjacency). Also, the cases prone to a possible pounding are recognized. By analyzing such a system in both time and frequency domain, it is shown that with appropriate arrangements, both of the analysis procedures result in the same responses for an Interaction problem.